量子点技术地位及市场前景发展分析研究报告

摘要 INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION

Among the many subsets of nanomaterials, quantum dots (QDs) are like no other. At dimensions typically below 10 nanometers, nanocrystalline (nc) semiconductors (SC), metals, and magnetic materials can all exhibit extraordinary quantum confinement phenomenon. Basically, at these dimensions, their physical size encroaches upon the fundamental quantum confinement dimensions of orbiting electrons that are uniquely prescribed by their atomic nucleus. Within the regime of these critical dimensions, QDs exhibit distinctly different behavior from their bulk form, which manifests itself, for example, in distinctly different optical, electronic, and magnetic properties.

Today, scientists can precisely synthesize nanocrystalline materials at these critical dimensions and thereby systematically tune their quantum confining behavior. As a result there is currently enormous interest to exploit and capitalize on the unique properties exhibited by QD materials. As a harbinger for future business developments, colloidal QD-bioconjugates are among the first wave of commercial product applications stimulating market interest. Primarily, these have quickly established a niche market in the life sciences and biomedical communities, where they provide unrivalled cellular imaging and therapeutic detection capabilities. Other promising prototype developments of SC QDs now on the commercial-horizon range include: a new generation of flash memory devices; nanomaterial enhancements for improving the performance of flexible organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as well as solid-state white-LED lighting; and a core technology used in flexible solar panel coatings.

With these impending commercial developments and their enormous business potential, this report provides a timely assessment of quantum dot materials—where they are currently at, and where they might be in the foreseeable future.

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this report is threefold: to assess the current state-of-the-art in synthesizing QDs; to identify the current market players seeking to exploit QD behavior; and to evaluate actual or potential markets in terms of application, type, and projected market revenues.

SCOPE OF REPORT

Since their parallel discovery in Russia and the U.S. almost 25 years ago, SC QDs, until quite recently, have resided exclusively in the domain of solid state physics, where they have been fabricated using expensive and sophisticated molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment. However, in a relatively short time frame this situation has changed dramatically with the recent commercial availability of colloidal QDs synthesized by less expensive wet-chemical processes. Practically, the availability of QDs in a colloidally dispersed form will help demystify these somewhat esoteric materials. Most importantly, colloidal-QDs now provide access to a much broader audience, which promises to further widen their potential market exploitation.

Current and future applications of QDs impact a broad range of industrial markets. These include, for example, biology and biomedicine; computing and memory; electronics and displays; optoelectronic devices such as LEDs, lighting, and lasers; optical components used in telecommunications; and security applications such as covert identification tagging or biowarfare detection sensors.

This report probes in considerable depth the early pioneers and champions in this field both in industry, government, and academic laboratories. The most active organizations, promising technical applications, and developments realizable within the next 5 years, will all be highlighted.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND TARGET AUDIENCE

This report represents a major update of the BCC Research report Quantum Dots: Technologies and Commercial Prospects, published in April 2005. The most significant revisions in the new edition include:
An extensive updated patent analysis
An in-depth assessment of the unfolding commercial markets
Progress in the synthesis and commercial scaleup by QD producers
Updated company profiles of the synthesizers and end users dictating market development
Updated 5-year market projection analysis of the emerging QD market
It represents the second exclusive report to focus on QD nanomaterials from the perspective of their technology, applications, and future business prospects. Thus, this up-to-date technical assessment and business analysis should prove an especially valuable resource to individuals and organizations seeking more insight into the current status of QDs, their stand-alone capabilities within the spectrum of nanomaterials, and time-to-market commercial development. This comprehensive technical and business assessment on the current status of the QD-based industry should prove informative to nanomaterials manufacturers, investors seeking near-term commercialization opportunities, technologists confronted with nanomaterial device integration issues, and companies specifically interested in exploiting QDs for biological, biomedical, electronic, energy storage, optics, optoelectronics, and security applications.

METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

This report is primarily derived from the enormous amount of patent and technical literature relating to QDs disclosed in the public domain. In addition, complementary information has also been drawn from the business community, such as company investment news, company profiles, press releases, and personal telephone interviews with selected companies.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

John Oliver, the author of this report, is the founder of Innov8 Solutions, which provides advanced materials consultation services to various clients. He has over 30 years of industrial research and development (R&D) experience in surface and colloid science, spanning a wide range of materials technology. Primarily, working as a senior scientist at Xerox Research Centre of Canada, he developed an invaluable understanding in advanced materials used in digital printing technologies such as xerography and ink-jet printing. More recently, through his involvements with the Alberta Research Council and several local universities, his interests have evolved into the realm of nanomaterials and microsystems device integration. He has a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from McGill University, a BSc degree in Chemistry from Surrey University, U.K. His publications include more than 40 technical articles, 20 patents, and one technical book. 目录及图表 Chapter-1: SUMMARY
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET GROWTH FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN PROMISING TECHNOLOGY SECTORS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 0
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET GROWTH FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN PROMISING COMMERCIAL MARKET SECTORS, 2008–2013 ($ MILLIONS) 0 Chapter-2: OVERVIEW
HISTORY OF QUANTUM DOTS 2
TABLE 1 CHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF QDS: FROM RESEARCH CURIOSITY THROUGH COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2
PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS 3
FIGURE 1 LUMINESCENCE SIZE REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT SEMICONDUCTOR AND METAL QUANTUM DOTS 3
TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF EMISSION WAVELENGTH OF SC AND METAL NC QUANTUM DOTS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR SIZE 4
QUANTUM DOT INDUSTRY 5
TABLE 3 OTHER PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS 5
APPLICATIONS AND STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QUANTUM DOTS 6
STRUCTURAL TYPES 6
TABLE 4 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QDS 6
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 7
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 8
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 8
TABLE 5 QD MATERIAL TYPES AND THEIR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 8
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) 9
KEY TECHNOLOGIES 9
TABLE 6 KEY QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 9
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 10
Patent Analysis 11 Chapter-3: TECHNOLOGY
SYNTHESIS OF METAL CHALCOGENIDE QUANTUM DOTS 12
VAPOR PHASE 12
TABLE 7 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS 13
TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 14
Aerosol Drop Method 14
Melt Atomization 15
Chemical Vapor Deposition 15
Physical Vapor Deposition 15
Molecular Beam Epitaxy 15
LIQUID PHASE (“WET” COLLOID CHEMISTRY) 16
Colloid 17
Batch Process 17
Continuous Flow 18
Precipitation 19
SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON QDS 19
LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS 20
TABLE 8 VARIOUS METHODS USED FOR SI-NC SYNTHESIS 20
TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) 21
SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS 22
VAPOR-PHASE SYNTHESIS 22
SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS AND QDS 23
TABLE 9 VARIOUS SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF METAL-NCS 24
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) 25
ASSEMBLY OF QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURES 25
TABLE 10 QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY METHODS 26
LITHOGRAPHY 26
Conventional Methods 26
Nanolithography 27
BOTTOM-UP SELF ASSEMBLY 27
Cast Film 27
Langmuir-Blodgett 28
Layer-by-Layer 28
Metamaterials 29
Biomolecular Self-Assembly 29
OTHER TECHNIQUES 30
Digital Printing 30
Digital Printing (Continued) 31
Nanoporous Templates 32 Chapter-4: PATENT ANALYSIS
RATIONALE 33
U.S. PATENT & TRADEMARK OFFICE (USPTO) SEARCH 34
CHRONOLOGICAL GROWTH TRENDS IN USPTO ACTIVITY 34
FIGURE 2 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED, 1986–DECEMBER 31, 2007 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 1,620) 34
FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED) 35
FIGURE 3 COMPARISON OF U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED AND PENDING, 2001–2007 (NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS) 35
FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) 36
USPTO ACTIVITY CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR 36
FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN (%) FOR THE MAIN INDUSTRY/ APPLICATION SECTORS EMERGING FROM QD-PATENTS ISSUED, 2005–2007 (%) 37
TABLE 11 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATIONS EMERGING FROM ISSUED U.S. QD-PATENTS, 2005–2007 38
FIGURE 5 BREAKDOWN (%) FOR THE MAIN INDUSTRY/ APPLICATION SECTORS EMERGING FROM QD-PATENTS ISSUED, 1998–2004 (%) 38
FIGURE 5 (CONTINUED) 39
FIGURE 6 U.S. VERSUS FOREIGN QD PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED BY APPLICATION SECTOR, 2005–2007 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 857) 40
USPTO ACTIVITY: ASIAN, EUROPEAN, AND OTHER COUNTRIES 40
FIGURE 7 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 2005–2007 (TOTAL 234) 41
FIGURE 8 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, FOR THE PERIOD 1998–AUGUST 31, 2004 (TOTAL 194) 42
FIGURE 9 U.S. QD PATENT APPLICATIONS ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 2005–2007 (TOTAL 249) 43
USPTO ACTIVITY: SMALL U.S. COMPANIES 43
TABLE 12 LEADING U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 44
TABLE 12 (CONTINUED) 45
TABLE 13 OTHER U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED TWO OR LESS PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 45
TABLE 13 (CONTINUED) 46
USPTO ACTIVITY: LARGE U.S. COMPANIES 46
TABLE 14 LEADING U.S. LARGE BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 47
USPTO ACTIVITY: U.S. ACADEMIC, GOVERNMENT, OTHER INSTITUTIONS 48
TABLE 15 U.S. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 48
TABLE 15 (CONTINUED) 49
TABLE 16 U.S. GOVERNMENT & OTHER INSTITUTIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 49
USPTO ACTIVITY: ACCORDING TO FOREIGN OWNERSHIP 50
Asia 50
TABLE 17 JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 50
TABLE 18 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 51
European and Other Countries 51
TABLE 19 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND OTHER COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 52
EUROPEAN AND WORLDWIDE INTERNATIONAL PATENT OFFICES 53
FIGURE 10 WORLDWIDE DATABASE QD PATENTS FILED ACCORDING TO COUNTRY BETWEEN EARLY 2005–MARCH 11, 2008 54
TABLE 20 WORLDWIDE QD PATENTS FOR LEADING COUNTRIES COMPILED ACCORDING TO FOREIGN PATENT OFFICE: 2005–MARCH 11, 2008 55
ASIAN PATENT ACTIVITY BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR 55
FIGURE 11 QD FOREIGN PATENT ACTIVITY FOR LEADING ASIAN COUNTRIES CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR 55
FIGURE 11 (CONTINUED) 56
LEADING ORGANIZATIONS BY COUNTRY 56
Asian Countries 56
TABLE 21 LEADING CHINESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 57
TABLE 22 LEADING JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 57
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) 58
TABLE 23 LEADING KOREAN ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 58
TABLE 23 (CONTINUED) 59
TABLE 24 LEADING TAWAINESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 59
Other Countries 60
TABLE 25 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS FROM OTHER CONTRIES WITH QD-PATENTS FILED WITH FOREIGN PATENT OFFICES, 2005–2007 60
FUNDING 60
TABLE 26 MAJOR U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FUNDING QD-BASED RESEARCH 61
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY (NIST) 61
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF) * 61 Chapter-5: MARKETS BY APPLICATION
TABLE 27 COMMERCIALLY PROMISING SECTORS WITH FIRST-GENERATION POSSIBILITIES FOR QD-BASED PRODUCTS 62
BIOTECHNOLOGY 64
BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS 64
TABLE 28 ADVANTAGES OF QUANTUM DOTS AS BIOLOGICAL LABELS 64
TABLE 29 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS, 2001–2003 65
TABLE 29 (CONTINUED) 66
QD-TAGGED MICROBEADS 67
LIVE CELL IMAGING 67
Live Cell Imaging (Continued) 67
Live Cell Imaging (Continued) 68
Live Cell Imaging (Continued) 68
MOLECULAR SPECIES DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION 69
TABLE 30 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD BIOTECHNOLOGY— MOLECULAR SPECIES DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION, 2001–2003 69
ANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENTS METHODS 70
TABLE 31 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENT METHODS, 2001–2003 70
SENSOR AND MICROARRAY APPLICATIONS 71
TABLE 32 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON SENSOR AND MICRO-ARRAY APPLICATIONS, 2001–2003 71
MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 71
TABLE 33 LEADING COMPANIES ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENTS ISSUED, 2005–2008 72
TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) 73
TABLE 34 THE MOST ACTIVE UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENTS ISSUED, 2005–2007 73
TABLE 34 (CONTINUED) 74
COMPANY PROFILES—BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 74
Affymetrix, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) 74
Amnis Corporation, (Seattle, WA) 74
Applera Corporation (Foster City, CA) 75
Biocrystal Ltd. (Westerville, OH) 75
Clinical Micro Sensors, Inc./ Osmetech Molecular Diagnostics (Pasadena, CA) 76
Clontech Laboratories, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 77
Genoptix, Inc. (San Diego, CA) 77
Helicos BioSciences Corporation (Cambridge, MA) 78
Illumina, Inc. (San Diego, CA) 78
Intel Corporation (Santa Clara, CA) 78
Integrated Raman Bioanalyzer System 79
MEMS-Based Hydrodynamic Focusing 80
LI-COR Incorporated (Lincoln, NE) 80
Luminex Corporation (Austin, TX) 81
Nanosphere, Inc. (Northbrook, IL) 81
U.S. Genomics, Inc. (Woburn, MA) 82
BIOMEDICINE 83
DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 83
TABLE 35 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS, 2000–2004 83
TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 84
MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 84
TABLE 36 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS: 2005–2007 85
CANCER THERAPY AND DIAGNOSTICS 86
Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics (Continued) 87
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS 88
DISEASE SCREENING 88
IMPLANTABLE DEVICES 89
Motorola Inc. 89
QinetiQ Plc 90
SURGICAL AIDS 91
Spectros Corporation 91
Teledyne Lighting 92
Advanced Magnetics, Inc. 92
ELECTRONICS 92
TABLE 37 NOVEL QD-BASED DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS 92
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 93
LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL ELECTRONIC DEVICE FABRICATION 93
Top-Down QD Electronic Device Assembly 94
TABLE 38 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USING CONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 1999–2004 94
TABLE 38 (CONTINUED) 95
TABLE 39 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USING CONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 96
Bottom-Up QD Electronic Device Assembly—Molecular Electronics 96
TABLE 40 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION INTO UNCONVENTIONAL NANOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 97
TABLE 40 (CONTINUED) 98
TABLE 41 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USING UNCONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2005–2007 98
QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND CRYPTOGRAPHY 99
Quantum Computing and Information Processing 99
Quantum Cryptography 99
PATENT ACTIVITY 100
TABLE 42 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS: 1999–2004 100
TABLE 43 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY, 2005–2007 101
Credence Systems Corporation (Milpitas, CA) 102
D-Wave Systems (Vancouver, Canada) 102
MagiQ Technologies, Inc. (New York, NY) 103
Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Cambridge Research Laboratory, U.K. 103
STORAGE/MEMORY DEVICES 104
TABLE 44 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY DEVICES, 1999–2004 104
TABLE 45 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY DEVICES, 2005–2007 105
OPTOELECTRONICS 105
LEDS 106
DISPLAYS 106
TABLE 46 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES, 2005–APRIL 2008 107
Boeing Company (Chicago, IL) 107
E Ink Corporation (Waltham, MA) 108
Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY) 108
Goldeneye, Inc. (Carlsbad, CA) 109
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) 110
Microvision, Inc. (Redmond, WA) 111
QD Vision, Inc. (Watertown, MA) 112
TABLE 47 BENEFITS OF QD-LEDS OVER OTHER DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES 112
Samsung Electronics Company, Ltd. (Suhan, Korea) 113
Solexant Corporation (San Jose, CA) 114
Superimaging, Inc. (Freemont, CA) 114
FLEXIBLE DISPLAY INDUSTRY 115
TABLE 48 PROFILE OF SOME EMERGING FLEXIBLE DISPLAY MARKET PLAYERS 115
TABLE 48 (CONTINUED) 116
COMPLEMENTARY FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY 116
Ink-jet Printing 116
Mist Deposition 117
LASERS 117
TABLE 49 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LASERS AND LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2005–2007 118
TABLE 50 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2005–2007 119
Finisar Corporation (Sunnyvale, CA) 120
Innolume GmbH (Dortmund, Germany, and Santa Clara, CA) 120
TABLE 51 ADVANTAGES OF QD DIODE LASERS 121
QD Laser, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) 121
LEDS AND LIGHTING 122
TABLE 52 ROADMAP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SSL-LED TECHNOLOGY/LAMP TARGETS 123
TABLE 53 IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN GROWING WLED SSL INDUSTRY 124
TABLE 54 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2005–2007 125
TABLE 54 (CONTINUED) 126
TABLE 55 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2005–2007 126
TABLE 55 (CONTINUED) 127
Avago Technologies Limited (Singapore) 127
Evident Technologies, Inc. (Troy, NY) 127
Group IV Semiconductor Inc. (Ottawa, Canada) 128
Kopin Corporation (Waltham, MA) 129
Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos, NM) 129
3M Company (St. Paul, MN) 130
Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH (Regensburg, Germany) 132
Philips Lumileds Lighting Company (San Jose, CA) 132
Philips Lumileds Lighting Company (Continued) 133
Innovalight, Inc (Santa Clara, CA) 134
Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM) 134
TABLE 56 PROPERTY COMPARISON OF COLLOIDAL QDS AND CONVENTIONAL LED PHOSPHORS 135
Challenges Facing Solid-State LED Development 136
TABLE 57 COLLOIDAL QD-BASED SOLID-STATE WHITE LIGHTING: ENABLING FEATURES AND FUTURE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES 137
OPTICAL COMPONENTS 138
BACKGROUND 138
PATENT ACTIVITY 139
TABLE 58 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL COMPONENTS AND RELATED DEVICES: 1999–2004 139
MORE RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY 140
TABLE 59 RECENT U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL COMPONENTS, 2005–2008 140
Trackdale Ltd. (U.K.) 141
University of Toronto (Canada) 141
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Lambda Instruments, Inc. (Blacksburg, VA) 142
SECURITY 142
RATIONALE FOR QDS AS AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY 142
QDs versus Organic Fluorescent Dyes 143
Market Drivers 143
Counterfeiting 144
ORGANIZATIONS EXPLOITING QD-BASED SECURITY TECHNOLOGY 144
TABLE 60 KEY ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN SECURITY APPLICATIONS OF QDS OR COMPETITIVE MARKING MATERIALS 145
MORE RECENT SECURITY APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENTS 145
TABLE 61 QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS, 2005–2008 146
BioCrystal Ltd. (Westerville, OH) 146
Center for Forensic Studies, Texas Technical University (Lubbock, TX) 147
Digimarc Corporation (Beaverton, OR) 147
Evident Technologies (Troy, NY) 148
Honeywell International Inc. (Morristown, NJ) 148
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) 149
Nanosolutions GmbH (Hamburg, Germany) 150
National Research Council (Ottawa, Canada) 150
NCR Corporation (Dayton, OH) 151
New Light Industries, Ltd. (Spokane, WA) 151
Oxonica Inc/Nanoplex Technologies, Inc. (Mountain View, CA) 152
Quantum Dot Corporation (Hayward, CA) 154
Spectra Systems Corporation (Providence, RI) 154
Veritec Verification Technologies, Inc. (Essex, CT) 155
BUSINESS PROGNOSIS OF THE SECURITY MARKET 155
TABLE 62 RECENT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES FOCUSING ON NEW SECURITY DEVELOPMENTS 156
Market Size 156
Digital Security Printing 156
DVDs 157
Counterfeit Drugs 157
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 158
CHEMICAL REACTION ENERGY CONVERSION 158
SOLAR ENERGY 159
Solar Energy (Continued) 159
ORGANIC DYE-BASED SOLAR CELLS 160
TABLE 63 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED OVER CONVENTIONAL RIGID SOLAR CELL DESIGNS 160
ORGANIC QD-BASED SOLAR CELLS 162
TABLE 64 SOME ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER ORGANIC DYES USED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS 162
TABLE 65 MAJOR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN PATENTING AND DEVELOPMENT OF QD SOLAR CELLS 163
Agfa-Gevaert (Belgium) 164
Harvard University 164
Los Alamos National Laboratory 164
Lund University, Sweden 164
Nanosys Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 165
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 166
University of California (Santa Barbara, CA) 167
University of Idaho 167
University of Rochester 168
MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 168
TABLE 66 MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BY MAJOR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN QD SOLAR CELLS AND COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES, 2005–2008 168
TABLE 66 (CONTINUED) 169
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION 169
TABLE 67 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN QD ENHANCEMENTS USED IN THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY (TE) CONVERSION, 2005–2008 170 Chapter-6: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
QUANTUM DOT PRODUCERS 171
WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS 171
Open Market 171
TABLE 68 CURRENT COMMERCIAL OPEN MARKET COLLOIDAL-QD PRODUCERS 172
American Elements (Los Angeles, CA) 173
Bayer Technology Services GmbH (Leverkusen, Germany) 173
Bayer Technology Services GmbH (Leverkusen, Germany) 174
Crystalplex Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA) 175
Evident Technologies (Troy, NY) 175
TABLE 69 EVIDENT TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS 176
TABLE 70 RECENT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS AT EVIDENT TECHNOLOGIES 177
TABLE 70 (CONTINUED) 178
Hanwha Chemical Corporation (Seoul, South Korea) 178
Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, CA) 179
Quantum Dor Corporation 180
BioCrystal/BioPixels Limited 181
Nanoco Technologies, Ltd. (Manchester, U.K.) 182
Nanoco Technologies, Ltd. (Manchester, U.K.) (Continued) 183
Nanosquare Company Ltd. (Seoul, South Korea) 183
NN-Labs Inc, Fayetteville, AR 184
NN-Labs Inc, Fayetteville, AR (Continued) 185
Northern Nanotechnologies, Inc. (Toronto, Canada) 186
Ocean NanoTech LLC (Fayetteville, AR) 187
Oxonica Limited (U.K.) 188
PlasmaChem GmbH (Berlin, Germany) 189
Selah Technologies (Pendleton, SC) 189
Voxtel Inc. (Beaverton, OR) 190
Closed Market 191
TABLE 71 COMPANIES EXPLORING OTHER PRODUCT APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLLOIDAL-QDS OR SIMILAR SYSTEMS 192
Nanosphere Inc. (Northbrook, IL) 192
Nanosphere Inc. (Northbrook, IL) (Continued) 193
Nanosys Inc. (Palo Alto, CA, and Medford, MA) 194
Nanosys Inc. (Continued) 195
TABLE 72 NANOSYS LATEST BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS 196
TABLE 72 (CONTINUED) 197
SOLID STATE-BASED SYNTHESIS 197
TABLE 73 U.S. COMPANIES LEADING IN COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID-STATE–BASED SYNTHESIS OF QUANTUM DOTS 197
FOREIGN COMPETITION IN QUANTUM DOTS 198
WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS 198
SOLID-STATE–BASED SYNTHESIS 198
TABLE 74 ASIAN COMPANIES CURRENTLY LEADING IN COMMERCIALLY DEVELOPING SOLID-STATE–BASED SYNTHESIZED QDS 198
TABLE 74 (CONTINUED) 199
TABLE 75 EUROPEAN AND OTHER FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN COMMERCIALLY DEVELOPING SOLID-STATE–BASED SYNTHESIZED QDS 199
DRIVING FORCES IMPACTING QD INDUSTRY 200
SPECIALTY AND POTENTIAL FOR COMMODITY QD APPLICATIONS 200
SOLAR ENERGY 201
IMPORTANT FACTORS NURTURING GROWTH 201
DEVICE FABRICATION 201
TOP-DOWN IN SITU LITHOGRAPHIC FABRICATION 202
BOTTOM-UP ASSEMBLY 203
Solid State Synthesis 203
Wet Colloid Synthesis 203
BUILDING OF QUANTUM DOT DEVICES 204
TABLE 76 PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DEVICE FABRICATION PARADIGMS FOR COLLOIDAL-QDS 204
CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FACING THE QD INDUSTRY 205
TABLE 77 MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THE COLLOID QD INDUSTRY 205
NANOTOXICITY 206
RoHS Directive 207
PRODUCTION SCALE-UP OF QDS 207
SURFACE CHEMICAL PASSIVATION 208
TRADE PRACTICES/REGULATORY ISSUES AND INFORMATION 208
REGULATORY ISSUES 209
Toxicity Studies 209
Environmental Studies 210
GREEN CHEMISTRY 210
EVOLUTIONARY STAGE OF INDUSTRY 211
COLLOIDAL QDS 211
Colloidal QDs versus Epitaxial QDs 211
MARKET ANALYSIS 213
QD COMMERCIAL PRODUCERS 213
LEADING COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS 213
TABLE 78 LEADING U.S. COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS: CURRENT PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND COMMERCIAL MARKET APPLICATIONS 214
TABLE 78 (CONTINUED) 215
TABLE 79 FOREIGN COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS: CURRENT PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND COMMERCIAL MARKET APPLICATIONS 215
TABLE 79 (CONTINUED) 216
COMPARISON WITH SOLID-STATE SYNTHESIZED QDS 216
MAJOR PRODUCTION CHALLENGES 217
TABLE 80 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING COMMERCIAL QD PRODUCERS 217
TABLE 81 MARKET FORECASTS FOR COLLOIDAL SC QDS: RATIONALE FOR SELECTING PROMISING SECTORS 218
TABLE 81 (CONTINUED) 219
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 219
POTENTIAL MARKET SIZE 219
EVOLUTION OF NC MATERIALS IN BIOLOGICAL DETECTION 219
MORE RECENT STUDIES 220
DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS: DEVELOPMENTS AND PARTNERSHIPS 221
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT 222
TABLE 82 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIPS AND COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIPS AIDING DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF QDS 223
TABLE 82 (CONTINUED) 224
EMERGING MARKETS FOR SMALL NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 224
Standalone Bioconjugate-QD Materials Market 224
TABLE 83 PREDICTED REVENUE GROWTH IN STANDALONE QDS (BIOCONJUGATE AND OTHER) TARGETED FOR ALL IMPENDING MARKET APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 225
Diagnostic Instrument/QD Integration Applications 226
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN MEMORY APPLICATIONS 226
TABLE 84 SOME FUTURE NANOMATERIALS-BASED MEMORY ARCHITECTURES 226
TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) 227
FLASH, THE MEMORY OF CHOICE 228
Freescale Semiconductor Inc. (Austin, TX) 228
Freescale Semiconductor Inc….Continued 229
Other Near-Term Competitive Technologies 230
Projected Growth in QD-Based Memory Market 230
FIGURE 12 TOTAL WORLWIDE FLASH MEMORY GROWTH PROJECTION 231
TABLE 85 PROJECTED MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY FREESCALE’S QD-BASED MEMORY PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 231
Hewlett-Packard (Palo Alto, CA) 232
IBM (Yorktown Heights, NY) 232
Micron Technology Inc. (Boise, ID) 233
Nanosys Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 233
Technical University of Berlin (Germany) 234
University of California, Los Angeles 234
University of Cambridge (U.K.) 235
Other Foreign Competition 235
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OPTOELECTRONICS 235
RIGID LED WHITE LIGHTING 235
TABLE 86 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE OF QDS IN SSL WLED TECHNOLOGY 236
TABLE 86 (CONTINUED) 237
North American Interests 237
Foreign Interests 238
Market Prediction 239
TABLE 87 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE LED LIGHTING REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 239
FLEXIBLE LEDS 239
Market Prediction 240
RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS 241
TABLE 88 MAJOR PERFORMANCE ISSUES CONFRONTING OLED DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND POTENTIAL ENHANCEMENTS PROVIDED BY QDS 241
Rigid and Flexible Displays…(Continued) 242
TABLE 89 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAY REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 244
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 244
DOPED FIBER OPTICS 244
LASERS 245
Finisar Corporation (Sunnyvale, CA) 245
Innolume GmbH (Dortmund, Germany, and Santa Clara, CA) 246
QD Laser, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) 246
OPTICAL COMPONENTS 246
Evident Technologies, Inc. (Troy, NY) 246
Trackdale Ltd. (Framingham, U.K.) 247
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY 248
PROJECTED GROWTH FOR QDS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 248
TABLE 90 PROJECTED OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, 2010–2013 ($ MILLIONS) 249
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SECURITY APPLICATIONS 249
TABLE 91 CLASSIFICATION OF COVERT QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS BY MARKET SECTOR 249
TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) 250
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY 251
INITIAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 251
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 252
MAJOR ISSUES 253
TABLE 92 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE OF COLLOIDAL QDS IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY 253
MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 253
Impending QD-Based Solar Products 254
Cyrium Technologies, Inc. (Ottawa, Canada) 254
Innovalight, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) 254
Nanosys, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 255
Competitive and Parallel Developments Impacting QD-Solar Cells 256
TABLE 93 MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS SHAPING COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 256
TABLE 93 (CONTINUED) 257
First-Generation—Bulk Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 257
Second-Generation—Inorganic Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 258
Third-Generation—Organic Thin Film Solar Cells 258
Third-Generation—Organic Thin Film Solar Cells (Continued) 259
PROJECTED GROWTH IN QD-BASED SOLAR MARKET 260
FIGURE 13 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE GROWTH IN PV SOLAR SYSTEMS 261
TABLE 94 PROJECTED SOLAR CELL MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, 2010–2013 ($ MILLIONS) 261
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OTHER PROMISING SECTORS 261
FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 261
Flexible Electronics (Continued) 262
Chapter-7: APPENDIX 15
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 263
UNITS 264
TABLE 95 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ACTIVE AWARDS RELATING TO QUANTUM DOT RESEARCH 265
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 266
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 267
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 268
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 269
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 270
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 271
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 272
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 273
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 274
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TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 277