全球能源领域薄膜市场分析研究报告

摘要 INTRODUCTION Study Goals and Objectives

Increasing focus on the demand for energy led BCC Research to conduct this study, which determines the current status of thin films used in various kinds of energy. Our goal was to assess the value of thin films used in the fabrication of six energy technologies for 2007, project 2008 demand, and then forecast thin film demand growth to 2013. Other energy material studies have been done by BCC Research and are referenced in this section, but this study focuses on the merits of thin films. Our key objective was to present a comprehensive analysis of the current market for thin films and its future direction.

Reasons for Doing the Study

Global demand for traditional fossil fuels has risen at an unprecedented rate over the last several years. The economics of supply and demand have driven prices of oil, gas, and coal to record levels. In addition, fossil fuels are considered a source of pollution that aids climate change. Nations have responded by instituting reductions in activities that require the use of fossil fuels and by searching for alternative energy methods.

Our goal was to examine traditional and alternative energy technologies to determine the use, if any, of thin films in their fabrication and operation. Thin films are often applied to reduce the cost of product fabrication, improve performance, and provide more flexibility in product design. In addition, they are environmentally benign.

Our investigation of the global energy industry revealed that thin films play a part in six technologies:
Photovoltaics
Concentrating solar power
Geothermal power
Nuclear power
Batteries
Fuel cells
The presence of thin films varies from a high level for photovoltaics cells to anticorrosion coatings for geothermal energy. They all have one thing in common—a potential for growth.

Intended Audience

In this study of thin films in energy, we present current and emerging technologies for each of the six types, detail the industry structure of each segment, discuss the competitive environment of each type of energy, review current and future applications for thin films, analyze current markets and their drivers and growth factors, and detail shipments of thin films for 2007, 2008, and 2013. This study will be of interest to those who make semiconductors and their manufacturing equipment, thin films, materials in general, pumps and related equipment, batteries and their materials, and fuel cells. It will also be of interest to those companies engaged in nanotechnology and materials for flexible substrates. Utility companies, construction firms, and those entities involved with the space program will also find this study to be valuable.

Scope of Report

The scope of this study encompasses the six energy technologies of photovoltaic, concentrating solar power, geothermal, nuclear, thin film batteries, and thin film fuel cells. Materials include copper indium diselenide, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, nanostructured thin films, a variety of anti-corrosive thin films, titanium nitride, metallic alloys, barrier films, lithium, platinum, and others pertinent to the energy products. BCC Research analyzes each technology, examines its current and future potential, assesses the market status of each, looks at its future impact, and presents shipments of thin films for each of the six energy segments for 2007, 2008, and 2013. Various technological issues are discussed, and a thorough economic analysis of each type of energy and its impact on future growth is presented.

In this report, we analyze thin films for energy on a global basis, including manufacturing capacity and consumption by various regional markets. We examine government funding and support, industry involvement and environmental impact. We also discuss the potential for applications, and identify where thin films are being used by specific applications.

Methodology

BCC Research presents an analysis for each of the six energy technologies in the dollar volume shipped in 2007. Our estimated values are what manufacturers have paid in undepreciated dollars. Then, based on our surveys, we analyze the potential market for each technology, and forecast shipments for 2008 and 2013. We also analyze the value and growth of the various energy components that use thin films over the same time periods.

Information Sources

Our company surveyed approximately 135 companies to obtain data for this study. Included were manufacturers of photovoltaic cells, concentrating solar thermal systems, geothermal systems and pumps, nuclear reactor components, batteries of all types, and fuel cells. We also spoke with companies developing materials, such as thin films, for energy products. In addition, we compiled data from current financial and trade information and government sources. 目录及图表 Chapter-1: SUMMARY
SUMMARY TABLE PROJECTED GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILMS FOR ENERGY, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 0
SUMMARY FIGURE PROJECTED GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILMS FOR ENERGY, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 0 Chapter-2: OVERVIEW
BACKGROUND 1
TABLE 1 SCOPE OF THIN FILM/ENERGY STUDY 2
DEPOSITION TECHNOLOGIES 2
TABLE 2 BASIC THIN FILM DEPOSITION TECHNOLOGIES 3
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS 3
NANOSCALE THIN FILMS 3
Thin Film Material Properties 4
TABLE 3 TYPICAL THIN FILMS USED IN ENERGY AND THEIR KEY PROPERTIES 4
CURRENT ENERGY ENVIRONMENT 4
TABLE 4 ESTIMATED GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY, 2007/2008, AND 2013 (%) 5
FIGURE 1 ESTIMATED GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY, 2007/2008 AND 2013 (%) 6
ENERGY STORAGE 6
IMPACT OF THIN FILMS 6
REPORT ORGANIZATION 7 Chapter-3: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET
THIN FILM PV INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 8
TABLE 5 LEADING PLAYERS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC THIN FILMS 8
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) 9
THIN FILM PV MANUFACTURING BY REGION 10
TABLE 6 GLOBAL THIN FILM PV MANUFACTURING BY REGION, 2007–2013 (%) 10
FIGURE 2 GLOBAL THIN FILM PV MANUFACTURING BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 11
THIN FILM PV CONSUMPTION BY REGION 11
TABLE 7 PROJECTED GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF THIN FILM PV BY REGION, 2007-2013 (%) 12
FIGURE 3 PROJECTED GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF THIN FILM PV BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 12
AN AMBITIOUS GOAL 13
DEVELOPERS OF ADVANCED THIN FILM PV TECHNOLOGY 14
TABLE 8 SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPING THIN FILM RELATED PV TECHNOLOGY 14
TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) 15
THIN FILM PV TECHNOLOGY 15
THE PV EFFECT 15
Silicon as an Example 16
Creating Charge Carriers 17
Forming the Electric Field 17
Driving the Charge Carriers 18
Energy Band Gaps 18
TABLE 9 IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING MATERIALS WITH PROPER BAND GAP ENERGY 18
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 19
TABLE 10 OBJECTIVES OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 20
AMORPHOUS SILICON 20
Properties of Amorphous Silicon 20
TABLE 11 KEY ADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS SILICON 21
Early Problems with a-Si 21
Solution Efforts 22
TABLE 12 AMORPHOUS SILICON R&D ACTIVITIES 22
TABLE 13 STRUCTURE OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION A-SI CELL 23
COPPER INDIUM DISELENIDE 23
TABLE 14 CELL STRUCTURE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM 23
Fabricating CIS Cells 24
CIS R&D 25
CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS 25
Manufacturing Cadmium Telluride Cells 25
Environmental Concerns 26
TABLE 15 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES FOR CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS 26
OTHER THIN FILMS 26
Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells 27
TABLE 16 KEY PROPERTIES OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE 27
GaAs Challenges 27
Dye-Sensitized Cells 28
Properties of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 28
TABLE 17 SCHEMATIC OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELL 28
Cell Efficiencies 29
Classification 29
TABLE 18 KEY BENEFITS OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS 29
Nanofilms 30
Nanocrystals 30
TABLE 19 INORGANICS USED TO FORM NANOSTRUCTURES 30
Organic Photovoltaics 31
PATENT ANALYSIS 31
PATENTS BY TECHICAL CATEGORY 31
TABLE 20 PHOTOVOLTAIC PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY (2007–2008) 31
TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) 32
PATENTS BY REGION 32
TABLE 21 THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC PATENTS BY REGION, 2007–2008 32
INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS 33
GLOBAL PV SUPPORT 33
TABLE 22 GLOBAL SUPPORT FOR PV DEVELOPMENT 33
TABLE 23 U.S. GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF PHOTOVOLTAICS, 1998–2006 ($ MILLIONS) 34
SOLAR REBATES AND INCENTIVES 34
BETTER PV TECHNOLOGY 34
SOLAR PV MARKETS AND PROJECTIONS 35
MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 35
PV Demand Continues to Grow 36
TABLE 24 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2001–2007 (MW) 36
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2001–2007 (MW) 36
The Push for New Technologies 37
Increased Utility Involvement 37
Incentives and Feed-in Tariffs 37
THIN FILM PV APPLICATIONS 37
Grid-Connected Applications 37
Rooftop Systems 38
TABLE 25 KEY ADVANTAGES OF ROOFTOP SYTEMS 38
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 38
TABLE 26 TYPICAL BIPV SYSTEM 39
Off-Grid Applications 39
Off-Grid Residential PV 40
Space Applications 40
THIN FILM PV MARKET FORCES 40
Positive Factors 40
Limiting Factors 41
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 42
TABLE 27 CURRENT FACTS IMPACTING THIN FILM PV GROWTH 42
TABLE 28 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF THIN FILMS IN PV APPLICATIONS 42
MARKET FORECASTS 43
Emerging Materials 43
TABLE 29 FORECAST GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 43
FIGURE 5 FORECAST GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS BY TYPE OF MATERIAL, 2008 AND 2013 (MW) 44
VALUE OF MATERIALS 44
Declining Module Costs 45
TABLE 30 AVERAGE COST FOR THIN FILM MODULES, THROUGH 2013 ($W) 45
TABLE 31 ESTIMATED VALUE OF THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR PV, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 45
FIGURE 6 ESTMATED VALUE OF THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR PV, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 46
SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM PV BY APPLICATIONS 46
TABLE 32 PROJECTED GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM CELLS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 47
FIGURE 7 PROJECTED GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV THIN FILMS BY APPLICATION, 2008 AND 2013 (MW) 48 Chapter-4: SOLAR THERMAL MARKET
IMPACT OF THIN FILMS 49
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 49
TABLE 33 LEADING COMPANIES IN THE CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER BUSINESS 50
FACTORS IN MANUFACTURING LOCATIONS 51
SOLAR CONCENTRATOR MIRROR MANUFACTURERS 51
TABLE 34 COMPANNIES MAKING SOLAR CONCENTRATING MIRRORS 51
CSP TECHNOLOGY 52
THE SOLAR RESOURCE 52
SYSTEMS OVERVIEW 52
TABLE 35 TYPICAL OPERATING TEMPERATURES AND CAPACITIES FOR CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS 53
Parabolic Trough Systems 53
Development Plans 53
Power Tower Systems 54
TABLE 36 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER TOWERS 55
Technology Status 55
Dish/Engine Systems 56
Recent Developments 57
Future Markets 57
Status of the Technology 58
TABLE 37 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS 58
PATENT ANALYSIS 59
Patents by Technology 59
TABLE 38 CSP PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2006–2008 59
Patents by Region 59
TABLE 39 CSP PATENT ACTIVITY BY REGION, 2007–2008 60
INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS 60
GOVERNMENT CSP SUPPORT 60
RISING ENERGY DEMAND 61
CSP MARKETS AND PROJECTIONS 61
MARKET STATUS 61
Global Market Expands CSP 62
Cost Factor 62
CSP ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 62
Positive Factors 63
Limiting Factors 63
SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS 64
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 64
TABLE 40 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF CSP TECHNOLOGY 64
TABLE 41 ESTIMATED GLOBAL EXPENDITURES FOR SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 65
FIGURE 8 ESTIMATED GLOBAL EXPENDITURES FOR SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 65
CSP MATERIALS AND PROJECTIONS 66
REFLECTOR MATERIALS 66
Cost 66
Consumption 67
TABLE 42 ESTIMATED DEMAND FOR REFLECTIVE MATERIALS IN SOLAR CONCENTRATING MIRRORS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 67
SOLAR SELECTIVE COATINGS 67
Technology 67
Cost 68
TABLE 43 ESTIMATED DEMAND FOR SOLAR SELECTIVE MATERIALS IN CSP SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 68
SHIPMENTS BY APPLICATION 68
TABLE 44 CSP SYSTEM APPLICATIONS (%) 69 Chapter-5: GEOTHERMAL MARKET
IMPACT OF THIN FILMS 70
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 71
TABLE 45 KEY COMPANIES IN THE GEOTHERMAL BUSINESS 71
MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY IN GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 72
TABLE 46 ESTIMATED GLOBAL MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY IN GEOTHERMAL ENERGY BY REGION, 2007-2013 (%) 72
FIGURE 9 ESTIMATED GLOBAL MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY IN GEOTHERMAL ENERGY BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 73
GEOTHERMAL CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 73
TABLE 47 ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY BY REGION, 2007-2013 (%) 74
FIGURE 10 ESTIMATED GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 74
GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY 75
STEAM PLANTS 75
BINARY PLANTS 75
Heat Pumps 76
POTENTIAL FOR CORROSION 77
ADDITIONAL R&D IN TECHNOLOGY 77
PATENT ANALYSIS 77
Patents by Technology 77
TABLE 48 GEOTHERMAL PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2007–2008 78
Patents by Region 78
TABLE 49 GEOTHERMAL PATENTS BY REGION, 2007–2008 78
INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS 79
BASIC ADVANTAGES 79
TABLE 50 BASIC ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 79
CONTINUING RESEARCH 79
INCREASING ENERGY DEMAND 80
GEOTHERMAL MARKETS AND PROJECTIONS 80
MARKET STATUS 80
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY’S ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 80
Positive Factors 80
Limiting Factors 81
GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS 81
Direct Use of Geothermal Energy 81
Geothermal Heat Pumps 82
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 82
TABLE 51 GLOBAL GROWTH OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, THROUGH 2007 (MW) 83
TABLE 52 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND ACCOMPANYING THIN FILMS 83
GEOTHERMAL MARKET GROWTH 83
TABLE 53 PROJECTED GROWTH OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 84
GEOTHERMAL MATERIALS AND PROJECTIONS 84
MATERIALS FOR GEOTHERMAL MARKET 84
Heat Exchanger Tube Coatings 84
Thermal Spray Pipe Coatings 85
ADVANCED MATERIALS 85
Downhole Equipment 85
FORECAST—VALUE OF THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR GEOTHERMAL 86
Materials Cost 86
Thin Film Consumption 86
TABLE 54 PROJECTED DEMAND FOR THIN FILM COATING MATERIALS FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 86
FIGURE 11 GROWTH OF THIN FILM SHIPMENTS FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 87
SHIPMENTS BY APPLICATION 87
TABLE 55 GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS (%) 88 Chapter-6: NUCLEAR ENERGY MARKET
THE ROLE OF THIN FILMS 89
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 90
TABLE 56 REPRESENTATIVE LISTING OF COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY 90
GLOBAL NUCLEAR ENERGY 91
TABLE 57 TOP 10 COUNTRIES GETTING 25% OR MORE OF THEIR POWER FROM NUCLEAR ENERGY, 2007 (%) 91
FIGURE 12 TOP 10 COUNTRIES GETTING 25% OR MORE OF THEIR POWER FROM NUCLEAR ENERGY, 2007 (%) 92
GLOBAL NUCLEAR GENERATION 92
TABLE 58 TOP 10 NUCLEAR GENERATING COUNTRIES, 2007 (BILLION KWH) 92
FIGURE 13 TOP 10 NUCLEAR GENERATING COUNTRIES, 2007 (BILLION KWH) 93
NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGY 93
NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGY (CONTINUED) 94
THE NULEAR FUEL CYCLE 95
TABLE 59 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 95
TYPES OF REACTORS 95
TECHNOLOGY IN THE LONG-TERM 96
High Temperature Reactors for Efficiency and Multiple Uses 97
Improved Fuels and Better Coolants 97
Accelerator-Driven Systems (ADS) 97
Nuclear Fusion Power 97
PATENT ANALYSIS 98
Patents by Technical Category 98
TABLE 60 NUCLEAR ENERGY PATENTS BY TECHNICAL CATEGORY, 2007–2008 98
Patents by Region 99
TABLE 61 NUCLEAR PATENTS BY REGION, 2007–2008 99
INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS 99
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 100
TABLE 62 AVERAGE LIFECYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM A VARIETY OF ENERGY SOURCES 100
THE SAFETY AND SECURITY FACTORS 101
The U.S. Example: The NRC 101
TABLE 63 NRC SECURITY HIGHLIGHTS 102
International Safeguards 102
NUCLEAR ECONOMICS 103
New Plants in the Works 103
NUCLEAR ENERGY MARKETS AND PROJECTIONS 104
MARKET STATUS 104
NUCLEAR ENERGY’S ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 104
Positive Factors 104
Limiting Factors 105
NUCLEAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS 105
MARKET EXPERIENCE 106
Slow Constant Growth 106
TABLE 64 GLOBAL NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY THROUGH 2006 (BILLIONS OF KWH) 106
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 107
TABLE 65 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AND ACCOMPANYING THIN FILMS 107
NUCLEAR MARKET GROWTH 107
TABLE 66 PROJECTED GROWTH OF NUCLEAR ENERGY, THROUGH 2013 (BILLIONS OF KWH) 108
NUCLEAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND PROJECTIONS 108
THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR THE NUCLEAR MARKET 108
Control Rod and Tube Coatings 108
Fittings 109
Other Parts 109
ADVANCED MATERIALS 109
FORECAST—VALUE OF THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR 109
Materials Cost 110
Thin Film Consumption 110
TABLE 67 PROJECTED DEMAND FOR THIN FILM COATING MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 110
FIGURE 14 PROJECTED DEMAND FOR THIN FILM COATINGS IN NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 111
SHIPMENTS BY APPLICATION 111 Chapter-7: THIN FILM BATTERY MARKET
TABLE 68 DISTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF THIN FILM BATTERIES 112
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 112
TABLE 69 LEADING COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THIN FILM BATTERIES 113
THIN FILM BATTERY MANUFACTURING BY REGION 113
TABLE 70 PROJECTED MANUFACTURING SHARES OF THIN FILM BATTERIES BY REGION, 2007-2013 (%) 114
FIGURE 15 PROJECTED SHARES OF THIN FILM BATTERY MANUFACTURING BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 114
CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 115
TABLE 71 PROJECTED CONSUMPTION OF THIN FILM BATTERIES BY REGION, 2007-2013 (%) 115
FIGURE 16 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF THIN FILM BATTERIES BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 116
AN INDUSTRY WITH GROWTH POTENTIAL 116
THIN FILM BATTERY TECHNOLOGY 116
BATTERY BASICS 117
Background of Lithium Technology 117
THIN FILM BATTERIES 118
TABLE 72 UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF THIN FILM BATTERIES 118
Construction 119
TABLE 73 LAYOUT OF A THIN FILM BATTERY 119
Lithium Polymer Batteries 120
TABLE 74 FEATURES OF A THIN FILM POLYMER BATTERY 120
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 121
Nanotechnology and Thin Film Batteries 121
PATENT ANALYSIS 122
Patents by Technology 122
TABLE 75 THIN FILM BATTERY PATENTS BY TECHICAL CATEGORY, 2007–2008 122
Patents by Region 123
TABLE 76 THIN FILM BATTERY PATENT ACTIVITY BY REGION, 2007–2008 (%) 123
INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS 124
SERVING THE PORTABLE AND WIRELESS MARKETS 124
IMPROVING TECHNOLOGY 124
PRODUCTIVITY IMPACT 125
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR 125
THIN FILM BATTERY MARKETS AND PROJECTIONS 125
MARKET STATUS 126
THIN FILM BATTERY ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 126
Positive Factors 126
Limiting Factors 127
THIN FILM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 127
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 128
TABLE 77 GLOBAL GROWTH OF LITHIUM BATTERIES AND THIN FILM BATTERIES, THROUGH 2007 ($ MILLIONS) 129
TABLE 78 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF THIN FILM BATTERIES AND ACCOMPANYING THIN FLMS 129
THIN FILM BATTERY MARKET GROWTH 130
TABLE 79 PROJECTED GROWTH OF THIN FILM BATTERIES, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 130
THIN FILM BATTERY MATERIALS AND PROJECTIONS 130
Nanotechnology 131
FORECAST—VALUE OF THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR T/F BATTERIES 132
Materials Cost Considerations 132
Thin Film Consumption 132
TABLE 80 PROJECTED GLOBAL DEMAND FOR THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR THIN FILM BATTERIES, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 132
FIGURE 17 PROJECTED GLOBAL DEMAND FOR THIN FILM MATERIALS, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 133
SHIPMENTS BY APPLICATION 133
TABLE 81 PROJECTED SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM BATTERIES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 134 Chapter-8: THIN FILM FUEL CELL MARKET
TABLE 82 BASIC PARTS OF A FUEL CELL 135
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 136
TABLE 83 LEADING COMPANIES IN THE THIN FILM FUEL CELL INDUSTRY 136
TABLE 83 (CONTINUED) 137
A SMALL BUT EVOLVING INDUSTRY 137
THIN FILM FUEL CELL MANUFACTURING BY REGION 137
TABLE 84 PROJECTED THIN FILM FUEL CELL FABRICATION BY REGION, THROUGH 2013 (%) 138
FIGURE 18 PROJECTED THIN FILM FUEL CELL FABRICATION BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 138
THIN FILM FUEL CELL CONSUMPTION 139
TABLE 85 PROJECTED CONSUMPTION OF THIN FILM FUEL CELLS BY REGION, 2007-2013 (%) 139
FIGURE 19 PROJECTED THIN FILM FUEL CELL CONSUMPTION BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 (%) 140
ANOTHER INDUSTRY WITH GROWTH POTENTIAL 140
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 140
GENERAL DEFINITION 141
PARTS OF A FUEL CELL 141
TABLE 86 KEY PARTS OF A PEM FUEL CELL 141
TABLE 86 (CONTINUED) 142
TABLE 87 SCHEMATIC LAYERS OF A FUEL CELL 142
FUEL CELL SYSTEMS 143
TYPE OF FUEL CELLS 144
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane 144
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 144
Alkaline Fuel Cells 144
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 145
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 145
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 145
COMPARISON OF FUEL CELLS 146
TABLE 88 COMPARISON OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 146
TABLE 88 (CONTINUED) 147
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 147
Reduced Cost of Fabrication 147
Uniformity of Materials 147
Nanofilms 148
PATENT ANALYSIS 148
Patents by Technology 148
TABLE 89 THIN FILM FUEL CELL PATENTS BY TECHNICAL CATEGORY, 2007–2008 148
Patents by Region 149
TABLE 90 THIN FILM FUEL CELL PATENTS BY REGION, 2007–2008 149
INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS 150
GLOBAL R&D SUPPORT 150
TABLE 91 SELECTED GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING R&D FOR FUEL CELLS 150
TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) 151
ENERGY ENVIRONMENT 151
THIN FILM FUEL CELL MARKETS AND PROJECTIONS 152
MARKET STATUS 152
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF FUEL CELLS 153
Positive Factors 153
Limitations 153
FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS 153
Micro Fuel Cells 154
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 154
TABLE 92 PROJECTED GLOBAL GROWTH OF SELECTED FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2007 ($ MILLIONS) 155
TABLE 93 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF FUEL CELLS AND ACCOMPANYING THIN FILMS 155
FUEL CELL MARKET GROWTH 156
TABLE 94 PROJECTED GROWTH OF SELECTED FUEL CELLS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 156
THIN FILM FUEL CELL MATERIALS AND PROJECTIONS 156
Nanotechnology 157
Material Objectives 157
FORECAST—VALUE OF THIN FILM MATERIALS FOR FUEL CELLS 158
Materials Cost Considerations 158
Thin Film Consumption 158
TABLE 95 PROJECTED GLOBAL DEMAND FOR THIN FILMS IN FUEL CELLS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 158
FIGURE 20 PROJECTED GLOBAL DEMAND FOR THIN FILMS IN FUEL CELLS, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 159
SHIPMENTS BY APPLICATION 159
TABLE 96 PROJECTED SHIPMENTS OF SELECTED FUEL CELLS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 160
Chapter-9: COMPANY PROFILES 13
ADVENT SOLAR, INC. 161
ANGSTROM POWER, INC. 162
THE ARMOLOY CORP. 162
AVANCIS GMBH 7 CO. KG 163
BECHTEL CORP. 163
CHEVRON CORP. 164
CYMBET CORP. 165
TANTALUM TECHNOLOGIES A/S 165
ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAICS INC. 166
FIRST SOLAR, LLC 167
FLAGSOL GMBH 167
JAPAN NUCLEAR FUEL-JAPAN CO., LTD. 168
GLOBAL SOLAR ENERGY, INC. 168
INFINITE POWER SOLUTIONS 169
KYOCERA CORP. 169
MIASOLE 170
MTI MICRO 171
NANOSOLAR, INC. 171
ORMAT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 172
SOLEL SOLAR SYSTEMS, LTD. 172
SOLICORE, INC. 173
STIRLING ENERGY SYSTEMS 173